8th Ed. [10] His short story was based on the actual experience of civil rights attorney and activist Pauli Murray, and her housemate Adelene McBean, while traveling from Washington, D.C. to Murray’s childhood home in Durham, NC. [29] Garfinkel noticed through his study of ethnomethodology that the methods people use to understand the society they live in are very much fixed in people's natural attitudes. Lynch, Michael. Pp. Il fait d’abord des études de commerce et de comptabilité à Newark et obtient un master en sociologie à l’Université de Caroline du Nord. According to George Ritzer, a sociologist, Breaching experiments are experiments where "social reality is violated in order to shed light on the methods by which people construct social reality. Une fois de plus j’ai été confronté à cette question lors d’une récente réunion 608-612 in Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present. "Color Trouble" discussed the victimization of segregated black women traveling on a bus in Virginia. Garfinkel discusses each of these "rationalities" and the "behaviors" that result, which are:[34], Garfinkel notes that often, rationality refers to "the person's feelings that accompany his conduct, e.g. In, Durkheim, Émile. Accepting Schütz's critique of the Parsonian program, Garfinkel sought to find another way of addressing the Problem of Social Order. selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. [18] Agents make choices among possible ends, alternative means to these ends, and the normative constraints that might be seen as operative. Pp. "The Rules of Sociological Method." Words like here, now, and me shift their meaning depending on when and where they are used. Palo Alto, CA. Much the same may be said about rules-in-games or the use of accounts in ordinary action. Organizing Ordinary Life. ", Compatibility of the definition of a situation with scientific knowledge: "A person can allow what he treats as 'matters of fact' to be criticized in terms of their compatibility with the body of scientific findings", Allan, K. (2006). Garfinkel had planned to publish a companion piece to Ethnomethodology's Program, which was tentatively entitled, "Workplace and Documentary Diversity of Ethnomethodological Studies of Work and Sciences by Ethnomethodology's Authors: What did we do? In sociology, it is more common to use outside sources such as institutions to describe a situation, rather than the individual.[30]. Garfinkel wrote the short story "Color Trouble" which was first published in the journal, Opportunity, in 1940. E: You mean that your muscles ache or your bones? Lebenswelt origins of the sciences: Working out Durkheim's aphorism. As the war effort wound down he was transferred to Gulfport, Mississippi, where he met his wife and lifelong partner, Arlene Steinback. This is another sense that we consider the action to be indexical—it is made meaningful in the ways in which it is tied to the situation and the practices of members who produce it. [37] That is, action has the property of reflexivity whereby such action is made meaningful in the light of the very situation within which it is produced. The result is an "alternate, asymmetric and incommensurable" program of sociological inquiry.[24]. This project was never completed, but some preliminary notes were published in Human Studies.[64]. Pp. They conduct themselves, according to Parsons, in a fashion "analogous to the scientist whose knowledge is the principal determinant of his action. [26] The reasoning of scientists builds upon everyday commonsense, but, in addition, employs a "postulate of rationality. 2005. [13] Garfinkel completed his dissertation, "The Perception of the Other: A Study in Social Order," in 1952. Notwithstanding his world renown, Harold Garfinkel is a sociologist whose work is more known about than known. HAROLD GARFINKEL University of California, Los Angeles unanimously for the armies of social analysts, in endless analytic arts and sciences of practical action, formal analytic procedures assure good work and are accorded the status of good work. S: All these old movies have the same kind of old iron bedstead in them. Studies in Ethnomethodology has inspired a wide range of important theoretical and empirical work in the social sciences and linguistics. Après avoir servi lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale [2], il entreprend, en 1946, une thèse de doctorat en sociologie (Ph.D.) sous la direction de Talcott Parsons au sein du Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies qui venait d’être créé à l'Université Harvard sous l’impulsion de Parsons[3]. In 1995 he was awarded the "Cooley-Mead Award" from the American Sociological Association for his contributions to the field. 315-329. These topics are representative of the kinds of inquiry that ethnomethodology was intended to undertake. Durkheim famously stated, "[t]he objective reality of social facts is sociology's fundamental principle. To Garfinkel, rationality is itself produced as a local accomplishment in, and as, the very ways that society's members craft their moment-to-moment interaction. Garfinkel mentions Schütz's paper on the issues of rationality and his various meanings of the term rationality. For the theoretical tasks of this paper, however, the fact that a person may attend his environment with such feelings is uninteresting. "Harold Garfinkel: 1917." He is known for establishing and developing ethnomethodology as a field of inquiry in sociology. Garfinkel subsequently published an edited anthology showcasing selected examples of ethnomethodologically informed work. Né en 1917 dans le New Jersey, élevé dans la communauté juive de Newark, il fait une partie de ses études … London: Macmillan, 1979. How can we make detached, objective claims about everyday reasoning, if our conceptual apparatus is hopelessly contaminated with commonsense categories and rationalities? Ritzer, George. [8] In the summer following graduation, Garfinkel volunteered at a Quaker work camp in Cornelia, Georgia. 6 Né en 1917 et retraité depuis 1987, Harold Garfinkel est le fondateur de l’ethnométhodologie, courant théorique fondamental en sociologie apparu autour de 1950 ; Garfinkel est même l’inventeur du mot "ethnométhodologie", qu’il écrit toujours avec une majuscule, même lorsqu’il emploie ce … "Harold Garfinkel." Lemert, C. (2010). Organizing Ordinary Life. In Contemporary social and sociological theory: Visualizing social worlds. However, for Garfinkel breaching experiments mostly are a teaching tool that he [43] describes as "tutorial exercises in Ethnomethodology's Program.[44]. E: What do you mean? Garfinkel writes, "any social setting [can] be viewed as self-organizing with respect to the intelligible character of its own appearances as either representations of or as evidences-of-a-social-order. Il s\'agit pour l\'essentiel de revenir au concret, d\'arriver, comme le disait Marcel Mauss, \ The sense of a situation arises from their interactions. Garfinkel stipulated that the two programs are "different and unavoidably related. [2][3][4] There was also a collection of 'studies of work' by his students which he edited.[5]. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. This chapter is concerned with Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011), the founder of ethnomethodology. Drawing on the work of earlier social theorists (Marshall, Pareto, Durkheim, Weber), Parsons postulated that all social action could be understood in terms of an "action frame" consisting of a fixed number of elements (an agent, a goal or intended end, the circumstances within which the act occurs, and its "normative orientation"). "Harold Garfinkel: Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities." Alfred Schutz's Influence on American Sociologists and Sociology. En France, ses travaux ont influencé, entre autres, Bruno Latour, Albert Ogien, Louis Quéré et Yves Lecerf. Garfinkel, H., and Harvey Sacks. Harold Garfinkel sociologue et professeur de l’Université de Californie à Los Angeles, disciple de Talcott Parsons et influencé par l’école de Chicago, il s’est inspiré des travaux de Schütz et d’Husserl en phénoménologie et a fondé le courant sociologique de l’ethnométhodologie. On the other hand, the traditionally assumed discontinuity between the claims of science and commonsense understandings is dissolved since scientific observations employ both forms of rationality. Selections from unpublished materials were later published in two volumes: Seeing Sociologically and Ethnomethodology's Program. [6] His family was Jewish. [17] Parsons sought to offer a solution to the problem of social order (i.e., How do we account for the order that we witness in society?) 2011. 118-119 in Order and agency in modernity:Talcott Parsons, Erving Goffman, and Harold Garfinkel. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 609-612 in Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present. [63] This latter collection, in conjunction with the Studies, represent the definitive exposition of the ethnomethodological approach. Harold Garfinkel (29 octobre 1917 - 21 avril 2011), Professeur à Harvard et à UCLA, est un sociologue américain, fondateur de l'ethnométhodologie, école de sociologie américaine de renommée internationale. Sica, Alan. L’acte fondateur de la discipline est l’ouvrage de Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967)4, connu dans la phraséologie des ethnométhodologues français comme « les Studies ». Maynard, Douglas. The bulk of Garfinkel's original writings came in the form of scholarly articles and technical reports, most of which were subsequently republished as book chapters. "[8] Ethnomethodology became his main focus of study. In other words, lines may seem impromptu and routine, but they exhibit an internal, member-produced embodied structure. Garfinkel 2002, 255-258. Philosophers and linguists refer to such terms as indexicals because they point into (index) the situational context in which they are produced. "The Problem of Rationality in the Social World. After receiving his doctorate from Harvard, Garfinkel was asked to talk at a 1954 American Sociological Association meeting and created the term "ethnomethodology. Schütz made a distinction between reasoning in the 'natural attitude' and scientific reasoning. We recognize when someone is waiting in a line and, when we are "doing" being a member of a line, we have ways of showing it. "Organizing Ordinary Life: Harold Garfinkel (1917-)." and, in so doing, provide a disciplinary foundation for research in sociology. Philadelphia: Westview Press. '"[12] While Garfinkel continued to earn his degree at Harvard, sociologist, Wilbert E. Moore, invited Garfinkel to work on the Organizational Behavior Project at Princeton University. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Garfinkel has frequently illustrated ethnomethodological analysis by means of the illustration of service lines. Early on, Garfinkel issued a call for ethnomethodologically informed investigations into the nature of work. Rowman-Littlefield, vom Lehn, Dirk 2014. [25] Schütz, like Parsons, was concerned with establishing a sound foundation for research in the social sciences. 2008. Rather than ask, for example, what kinds of normative networks are necessary to sustain family structures, Garfinkel would more likely ask: 'What normative networks are there?' 1-35). [8] This program specifically focused on public work projects like the one Garfinkel was working on. [33], In his chapter, "The Rational Properties of Scientific and Common Sense Activities" in his book, Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967, Garfinkel discusses how there are various meanings of the term "rationality" in relation to the way people behave. 2006. One of Garfinkel's contributions was to note that such expressions go beyond "here", "now," etc. 7 reviews This is the first appearance in paper back of one of the major classics of contemporary Sociology. Il y découvre la sociologie de William Directly inspired by Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks undertook to investigate the sequential organization of conversational interaction. [61] This publication is well known by many sociologists. He took issue, however, with the Parsonsian assumption that actors in society always behave rationally. Das Buch \"Studies in Ethnomethodology\" (im Folgenden auch Studies) von Harold GARFINKEL (1967) gilt vielen als die Gründungsschrift der Ethnomethodologie (im Folgenden auch EM) einer soziologischen Forschungsrichtung, die sich als radikale Alternative zur konventionellen Sozialwissenschaft verstanden hat und zuweilen noch immer versteht. pp. Mann, Douglass. 4, pp. Au sein de UCLA, il développe la démarche et les enseignements qui débouchent sur une nouvelle discipline de la sociologie : l’ethnométhodologie qui dotera la sociologie de méthodes d'enquêtes en sciences sociales par analyses de discours. Dans une unité non combattante, Weber B., op. Kwang-ki, Kim. Garfinkel, Harold. [11] With the onset of World War II, he was drafted into the Army Air Corps and served as a trainer at a base in Florida. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. [8] According to Garfinkel, these experiments are important because they help us understand '"the socially standardized and standardizing, 'seen but unnoticed,' expected, background features of everyday scenes. Pp. cit. Garfinkel et la naissance de l’ethnométhodologie Albert Ogien Occasional Paper 34 Paris, Institut Marcel Mauss – CEMS Avril 2016 2 Garfinkel et la naissance de l’ethnométhodologie Albert Ogien Résumé/abstract Ce texte est une introduction aux thèses exposées dans les Recherches en ethnométhodologie par Harold Garfinkel. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) [35] Garfinkel regarded indexical expressions as key phenomena. He is known for establishing and developing ethnomethodology as a field of inquiry in sociology. • L’Ethnométhodologie. 2009. Philadelphia: Westview Press. Harold Garfinkel (29 octobre 1917 - 21 avril 2011), Professeur à Harvard et à UCLA, est un sociologue américain, fondateur de l'ethnométhodologie, école de sociologie américaine de … To do so, they must employ theoretical constructs that pre-define the shape of the social world. [58] It came to serve as an important critique of theories of planning in Artificial Intelligence. His main idea was that when thinking through a sociological lens, sociologists would be only thinking about outside sources (social facts) to explain a situation when trying to explain what is happening within it. 252-253 in The American Sociologist. The following is an example of one of Garfinkel's breaching experiments from his book, Studies in Ethnomethodology. They would have the status of data and would have to be accounted for in the same way that the more familiar properties of conduct are accounted for. Ethnomethodology is the study of how social order is produced in and through processes of social interaction. The approach was developed by Harold Garfinkel, based on Alfred Schütz's phenomenological reconstruction of Max Weber's verstehens… 1–35). Bittner, Egon. Ipswich, MA. 2011. [29] After attempting to understand the jurors' actions, Garfinkel created the term "ethnomethodology" as a way to describe how people use different methods in order to understand the society they live in. Queues are a part of our everyday social life; they are something within which we all participate as we carry out our everyday affairs. 27, pp. Ses représentants en Europe furent les Professeurs Yves Lecerf et Vincent Frézal. S: I guess so. [8] Before graduating, he worked under the supervision of his graduate professor, Howard W. Odum. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 3 janvier 2021 à 10:34. Sica, Alan. In. 2005. You know what I mean. He officially retired from UCLA in 1987, though continued as an emeritus professor until his death on April 21, 2011, in Los Angeles, California. "Police Discretion in Emergency Apprehension of Mentally Ill Persons.". Harold Garfinkel was born in Newark, New Jersey on October 29, 1917, and was raised there throughout his childhood. The initial insight into the importance of reflexivity occurred during the study of juror's deliberations, wherein what jurors had decided was used by them to reflexively organize the plausibility of what they were deciding. This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 04:47. [38] This reflexivity of accounts is ubiquitous, and its sense has nearly nothing to do with how the term "reflexivity" is used in analytic philosophy, in "reflexive ethnographies" that endeavor to expose the influence of the researcher in organizing the ethnography, or the way many social scientists use "reflexivity" as a synonym for "self-reflection." 287-295 in Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism. [15] Garfinkel spent the '75-'76 school year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and, in 1979–1980, was a visiting fellow at Oxford University. 2002. Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Ethnomethodology was not designed to supplant the kind of formal analysis recommended by Parsons. 210-212 in Understanding Society: A Survey of Modern Social Theory. “Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights 1919-1950. [36] The pervasiveness of indexical expressions and their member-ordered properties means that all forms of action provide for their own understandability through the methods by which they are produced. 27, pp. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Rawls, Anne Warfield. My husband remarked that he was tired. Garfinkel, Harold. "Society as Symbols or Constructs." First, it is inappropriate for sociologists to use scientific reasoning as a lens for viewing human action in daily life, as Parsons had proposed, since they are distinct kinds of rationality. Ce dernier définissait les ethnométhodes comme « un type d'objet sociologique qui inclut : méthode, sens local, éthique, intention et rationalité d'intention, en même temps que des déroulements de péripéties d'actions »[4]. Harold Garfinkel. My own contact with his writings began when, quite by chance, I exercised my newly acquired rights as a graduate student to request the loan of a doctoral dissertation from the Widener Library at Harvard. (After more watching). [8] At the University of Newark, courses were mainly taught by Columbia graduate students, who brought more theoretical experiences to the classroom. Ami personnel de Talcott Parsons, il n'en sera pas moins le dissident sur le plan professionnel et méthodologique, reprochant à la sociologie traditionnelle la toute puissance des statistiques en même temps que le manque de rigueur dans la récolte d'informations permettant de les élaborer. In Harold Garfinkel's. Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) was the founder and principle developer of the theoretical perspective known as ethnomethodology. Garfinkel uses this point to emphasize how different ethnomethodology is from sociology and Durkheim's thinking. In Contemporary social and sociological theory: Visualizing social worlds. During the period 1963–64 he served as a Research Fellow at the Center for the Scientific Study of Suicide. Social order arises in the very ways that participants conduct themselves together. "Harold Garfinkel." L'anglais n'est pas trop difficile (à la différence de celui de Garfinkel dont la lecture est éprouvantable, même pour des anglophones natifs…). "Garfinkel Before Ethnomethodology." In its most radical form, it poses a challenge to the social sciences as a whole. Lemert, C. (2010). [7] His father, a furniture dealer, had hoped his son would follow him into the family business. Pp. He is probably best known for his classic book, Studies in Ethnomethodology, which was published in 1967, a collection of articles some of which had previously been published. [32] On first inspection, this might not seem very different from Parsons' proposal; however their views on rationality are not compatible. Interlaboratoire de modélisation de systèmes de communication sociale de l'Université Paris VIII, dirigé par Yves Lecerf, 1995, l’université de Californie, Los Angeles (UCLA), Harold Garfinkel, a Common-Sense Sociologist, Dies at 93, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Garfinkel&oldid=178353528, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Sciences, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, 1984, Le domaine d'objet de l'ethnométhodologie, in Arguments ethnométhodologiques, Cahier, 1984, Sur l'origine du mot "ethnométhodologie", in Arguments ethnométhodologiques, Cahier, 1984, Qu'est-ce que l'Ethnométhodologie ?, in Arguments ethnométhodologiques, Cahier. [62] Later still, a mix of previously published papers and some new writing was released as Ethnomethodology's Program: Working Out Durkheim's Aphorism. Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press. Case 3: On Friday night my husband and I were watching television. In particular, Garfinkel conducted a famous case study on Agnes, a transgender woman in 1967. ", Sharrock, Wes. [45] This program, pioneered with colleagues Gail Jefferson and Emanuel Schegloff, has produced a large and flourishing research literature. Garfinkel was very intrigued by Parsons' study of social order. He worked with students from diverse backgrounds who demonstrated a wide variety of interests, influencing his decision to later take up sociology as a career. Garfinkel's concept of ethnomethodology started with his attempt at analyzing a jury discussion after a Chicago case in 1945. After the war, Garfinkel went to study at Harvard and met Talcott Parsons at the newly formed Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. Studies in Ethnomethodology has inspired a wide range of important theoretical and empirical work in the social sciences and linguistics. Harold Garfinke, né le 29 octobre 1917 à Newmark et mort le 21 avril 2011 à Los Angeles, Professeur à Harvard et à UCLA, est un sociologue américain, fondateur de l'ethnométhodologie, école de sociologie américaine de renommée internationale. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press. 2005. L\'ethnométhodologie est un programme de recherche qui se propose d\'aborder les phénomènes sociaux différemment des approches dominantes en sciences sociales. 49-71. Other investigations revealed that parties did not always know what they meant by their own formulations; rather, verbal formulations of the local order of an event were used to collect the very meanings that gave them their coherent sense. Son arrivée en Europe francophone intervient au début des années 1970 [ 7 ] , mais il faudra attendre les années 1980 pour qu'elle fédère un ensemble de chercheurs [ 8 ] . "An Initial Investigation of the Usability of Conversational Data for Doing Sociology." Doubt, Keith. W.W. Norton and Company: New York. [44] In the technical sciences, ethnomethodology's influence can probably be ascribed to Lucy Suchman's analysis of learning to use a copy machine. [29] Harold Garfinkel (October 29, 1917 – April 21, 2011) was an American sociologist, ethnomethodologist, and a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. Pp. "On Formal Structures of Practical Actions." In Human Studies (Vol. Alfred Schütz, a European scholar and acquaintance of Garfinkel introduced the young sociologist to newly emerging ideas in social theory, psychology and phenomenology. Reflexive Properties of Practical Sociology. Although published in 2006, Seeing Sociologically[59] was actually written as an annotated version of a draft dissertation proposal two years after arriving at Harvard. It is of interest, however, that a person uses his feelings about his environment to recommend the sensible character of the thing he is talking about or the warrant of a finding."[34]. He expressed an "indifference" to all forms of sociological theorizing. Pp. Garfinkel et la naissance de l’ethnométhodologie Albert Ogien Occasional Paper 34 Paris, Institut Marcel Mauss – CEMS Avril 2016 2 Garfinkel et la naissance de l’ethnométhodologie Albert Ogien Résumé/abstract Ce texte est une introduction aux thèses exposées dans les Recherches en ethnométhodologie par Harold Garfinkel. Physically, mentally, or just bored?'. [23] The task of sociology, as he envisions it, is to conduct investigations into just how Durkheim's social facts are brought into being. "affective neutrality," "unemotional," "detached," "disinterested," and "impersonal." [47] This led to a wide variety of studies focusing on different occupations and professions including, laboratory science,[48] law,[49][50] police work,[51] medicine,[52] jazz improvisation,[53] education,[54][55] mathematics,[56] philosophy,[57] and others. "Ethnomethodology's Program: Working out Durkheim's Aphorism. Rawls, Anne Warfield. pp. Garfinkel was attempting to understand the way jurors knew how to act as jurors. Une sociologie radicale Michel de Fornel, Albert Ogien et Louis Quéré (di r.), La Découverte, 2001. Garfinkel, 1967, p. 282, author's emphasis. [9] While volunteering in Georgia, Garfinkel learned about the sociology program at the University of North Carolina. Harold Garfinkel: The Creation and Development of Ethnomethodology. 4, pp. [8] John Heritage and David Greatbach studied rhetoric of political speeches and their relation to the amount of applause the speaker receives, whereas Steven Clayman studied how booing in an audience is generated. "Garfinkel view[ed] sexuality as a practical and ongoing accomplishment of members through their practical activities" and focused on how "Agnes 'passed' as a normal female despite the continuous risk that she would be revealed as a transsexual."[41]. Son représentant européen fut son thésard, Vincent Frézal, prenant la suite d'Yves Lecerf, décédé. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press. La découverte, Paris. Harold Garfinkel (October 29, 1917 – April 21, 2011) was an American sociologist, ethnomethodologist, and a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. Selections from unpublished materials were later published in two volu… Known primarily as the author of a method for studying work, Harold Garfinkel — and ethnomethodological studies of work, or workplace studies — also offer an important alternative theory of work. This has two important implications for research in the social sciences. Schütz, Alfred. [16] He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Nottingham in 1996. [8] Philip Manning and George Ray studied shyness in an ethnomethodological way. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. For ethnomethodology reflexivity is an actual, unavoidable feature of everyone's daily life. It generally seeks to provide an alternative to mainstream sociological approaches. Garfinkel taught at Princeton University for two years. In Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (Vol. Harold Garfinkel (29 octobre 1917 - 21 avril 2011), Professeur à Harvard et à UCLA, est un sociologue américain, fondateur de l'ethnométhodologie, école de sociologie américaine de … Harold Garfinkel Définitions de l'ethnométhodologie I use the term "ethnomethodology" to refer to the investigation of the rational properties of indexical expressions and other practical actions as contingent ongoing accomplishments of organized artful practices of everyday life p.11 Garfinkel's program strongly resonates in a wide range of disciplines, including sociology, linguistics, gender studies, organisation studies and management as well as in the technical sciences. Harold Garfinkel, eine amerikanischer Soziologe ist von der Frage ausgegangen, wie funktioniert eigentlich unser Alltag, wie kommt das eigentlich. [8] This brought him in contact with some of the most prominent scholars of the day in the behavioral, informational, and social sciences including: Gregory Bateson, Kenneth Burke, Paul Lazarsfeld, Frederick Mosteller, Philip Selznick, Herbert A. Simon, and John von Neumann. Parsons sought to develop a theoretical framework for understanding how social order is accomplished through these choices. L’ethnométhodologie est un courant de la sociologie né aux États-Unis dans les années soixante.
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